NYCOSH's 9/11-related work is conducted in partnership with the United Church of Christ's National Disaster Ministries, with additional support from the September 11th Fund created by the United Way of New York City and the New York Community Trust.

In addition, some more recent links will be found on the NYCOSH home page.

Where possible, these links are grouped by subject, such as Compensation or Asbestos, with non-specific links categorized as News or Occupational Safety and Health Resources. Within each subject, the newest listings are at the top.

NYCOSH cannot guarantee the accuracy or completeness of the information in the external links below.

• Asbestos
  
  
• Breaking news
  
  
• Compensation
  
  
• Government resources
  
  
• News features
  
  
• Occupational safety and health resources
  
  
• Psychological trauma

For links concerning biological weapons (including anthrax) and biosafety, click here.

Occupational and environmental safety and health hazards have an effect on everyone, going far beyond the concerns resulting from the World Trade Center catastrophe or bioterrorism. For more information on the identification, control and elimination of workplace and workplace-related hazards, and to learn more about the struggle to ensure that every workplace is safe and healthful, please explore the our extensive website and its 2000 links to other Internet resources on the subject. To visit our site map, please click here.

Asbestos

• OSHA Standards Interpretation Letter — Wherever there is settled dust from the collapse, "proper precautions" include compliance with the OSHA asbestos standard: "In that the materials containing asbestos were used in the construction of the Twin Towers, the settled dust from their collapse must be presumed to contain asbestos. Therefore [testing of the dust] is not necessary in order to establish that the applicable provisions of the Construction Asbestos standard apply during the demolition or salvage of affected structures." (January 31)
  
  
• Asbestos Risks Near Ground Zero May Be Far Greater Than Government Reports (St. Louis Post-Dispatch, January 13) Federal and state officials in New York have grossly underestimated or played down the number of people in lower Manhattan who are at risk of being sickened or killed from exposure to asbestos released in the collapse of the World Trade Center. Evaluations of analyses done by teams of leading asbestos researchers show the increased risk of death to people who live, work or study in homes or offices that have not been properly decontaminated could be as high as one additional cancer death for every 10 people exposed. For the full text of this article, reproduced as part of NYCOSH in the News, click here, or to view it on the newspaper's own website click on:
  
  
• Decades of Asbestos Deaths in Montana Mining Town May Help New Yorkers Evaluate Their Risk (St. Louis Post-Dispatch, January 13) Much of the asbestos-tainted vermiculite that spewed from the collapsing World Trade Center was dug from a mine in the Cabinet Mountains above Libby, Montana. And in Libby, as in New York, environmental and health officials failed to disclose just how dangerous the mineral could be.
  
  
• Preliminary Assessment of Asbestos Contamination of Lower Manhattan, January 11, 2002, by Cate Jenkins, EPA Hazardous Waste Identification Division
  • Asbestos in Manhattan compared to Libby Superfund site
  • Why cleanup of WTC contamination is ineffective to date
  • Advantages of cleanup under Superfund statute
  • Summary risk assessment for WTC fallout
    
    
• Memorandum, December 19, 2001, by Cate Jenkins, EPA Hazardous Waste Identification Division
  • Wipe sampling for asbestos in Lower Manhattan
  • Projection of airborne levels from settled WTC dusts
  • Estimation of increased cancer risks based on various WTC dust exposure scenarios
    
    
• World Trade Center Asbestos — Memorandum from Cate Jenkins, EPA Hazardous Waste Identification Division to Robert Dellinger, Director of EPA Hazardous Waste Identification Division, December 3

For links material published before December 1, 2001, click here.

Breaking news (December 2001- January 2002)

• EPA Official: Lower Manhattan Should Be a Superfund Site — (OccupationalHazards.com, January 23) — A memo circulating in certain circles casts doubt on claims made by federal agencies such as the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) that monitoring has not uncovered hazardous levels of asbestos and other hazards near the World Trade Center (WTC) site. Ironically, the memo was written by an EPA employee.  Are EPA's Monitoring and Cleanup Efforts at WTC Effective? (OccupationalHazards.com, January 24) At least one employee of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) believes that her agency's monitoring efforts are falling short in the battle to protect residents and workers in the area surrounding the World Trade Center (WTC) site.
  
  
• Family Wants Facts In Death — (Newsday, January 24) — The family of a demolition worker who died a day after being rushed from the teetering Verizon building at Ground Zero has hired an attorney to determine if the man perished in a work-related accident. For the full text of this article, reproduced as part of NYCOSH in the News, click here, or to view it on the newspaper's own website click on:
  
  
• Senators Clinton and Lieberman to Hold Hearing on Downtown Air Quality — (New York Times, January 20) — Senator Hillary Rodham Clinton and Senator Joseph I. Lieberman of Connecticut will lead a hearing in the city next month concerning the air quality at ground zero, particularly the health effects of early exposure to dust clouds from the trade center collapse, she announced yesterday.
  
  
• EPA Criticized About Cleanup — (Newsday, January 18) — Rep. Jerrold Nadler revealed yesterday that the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency had its offices near the World Trade Center professionally cleaned by an asbestos contractor after Sept. 11, while local residents were advised to clean with "wet rags."
  
  
• Feds Hit on WTC Cleanup: Nadler Says EPA Double Standard May Pose Health Risk — (Daily News, January 18) — Rep. Jerrold Nadler accused the Environmental Protection Agency yesterday of grossly mishandling cleanup efforts after the Sept. 11 attacks, jeopardizing the health of New Yorkers. Nadler said the EPA had a double standard — recommending that New Yorkers use a wet rag to collect dust from the twin towers collapse while extensively testing and professionally cleaning its own offices in lower Manhattan.
  
  
• Some See N.Y. Air as a Hidden Menace: Many Believe EPA Cited Safety Too Quickly — (Los Angeles Times, January 18) — As New Yorkers choked and gagged under a cloud of smoky dust after the World Trade Center attacks, the Environmental Protection Agency constantly assured them that the air did not pose a major health risk. For the full text of this article, reproduced as part of NYCOSH in the News, click here, or to view it on the newspaper's own website click on:
  
  
• U.S. Agency Not Protecting Public Health, Officials Say — (New York Times, January 18) — The Federal Environmental Protection Agency failed to protect the public health by not focusing more attention on indoor air quality, which continues to be a nagging issue for thousands of residents and workers near the World Trade Center site, a group of elected officials from New York City said yesterday.
  
  
• WTC Cleanup Worker Died — (Newsday, January 18) — A man performing cleanup in the weeks after the World Trade Center attack died at a hospital a day after being rushed from his work site with complaints of dizziness, officials said yesterday. His employer did not report the incident until six days after he was taken to the hospital and ultimately was fined $100. For the full text of this article, reproduced as part of NYCOSH in the News, click here, or to view it on the newspaper's own website click on:
  
  
• WTC-Area Laborers Not Getting Much Help: Clinic Finds Safety Precautions Are Often Lacking for Immigrant Workers Wading Through the Dust and Debris Near Ground Zero — (Staten Island Advance, January 18) — After Sept. 11, Omar Jaime and Sara Casa joined a legion of immigrant workers in Downtown Manhattan cleaning offices coated with dust and debris from the World Trade Center collapse. Although they had heard the dust could contain contaminants, they claimed their employers told them it was safe to clean without protective equipment. For the full text of this article, reproduced as part of NYCOSH in the News, click here, or to view it on the newspaper's own website click on:
  
  
• Clinic Finds Safety Precautions Are Often Lacking for Immigrant Workers Wading Through the Dust and Debris Near Ground Zero — (Staten Island Advance, January 18)
  
  
• Toxic Cover-up: Asbestos, Lead, Mercury, Dioxin. World Trade Center Syndrome — Today, we will meet a doctor who has treated a parade of Ground Zero patients . . . a lawyer working on behalf of police union activists investigating why so many cops are coughing . . . a parent whose son goes to Stuyvesant High School, blocks from Ground Zero, where kids are suffering nosebleeds and other respiratory problems . . . organizers who started a free mobile health unit to treat the hundreds of sick workers . . . and a woman who was sent to the emergency room twice because of toxins in her apartment. (Democracy Now, January 17)
  
  
• Parents Vent Anger Over School Dust — (Daily News, January 17) — Parents at Stuyvesant High School are fed up with how the Board of Education and the city have handled air quality problems at the school since the World Trade Center attack. When school officials reopened Stuyvesant on Oct. 9, they assured parents that a thorough $1 million cleanup had been conducted and that extensive testing showed the school's 3,000 students faced no health risks. Soon after the reopening, however, several students came down with severe respiratory problems.
  
  
• Is 'Ground Zero' Toxic? — (United Churches of Christ Disaster Alert, January 15) — Asthma attacks, headaches, nosebleeds, sore throats, hacking coughs, bronchial infections, rashes. People who live near ground zero are taking these symptoms to their doctors, and for workers still clearing rubble, it's even more serious. Firefighters call it the "World Trade Center cough," and four Port Authority police officers were reassigned from the site after they tested positive for elevated mercury levels in their blood. For the full text of this article, reproduced as part of NYCOSH in the News, click here, or to view it on the original website click on:
  
  
• Health Checks at Ground Zero: Cleaning Workers Flock to Mobile Medical Unit — (Newsday, January 15) — Dozens of fearful workers who cleaned buildings in lower Manhattan after the World Trade Center attack lined up outside a mobile medical unit yesterday to be tested for respiratory problems and toxic exposure. Even before the van opened its doors, the mobile clinic had scheduled 52 appointments for the week. In addition, about 50 other workers complaining of headaches, chest pains and a wide range of other problems crowded around the van in the cold, desperate to be tested. For the full text of this article, reproduced as part of NYCOSH in the News, click here, or to view it on the newspaper's own website click on:
  
  
• As the World Trade Center Clean-Up Continues, Health Concerns Grow — (NYCOSH Update on Safety and Health, January 14) — Despite the passage of four months since the World Trade Center attack, public expressions of concern about potential health hazards resulting from the twin towers collapse are on the increase. In response to long articles in the Wall Street Journal and the Washington Post listing examples of unexplained sickness among workers and area residents, on January 9 the Inspector General of the Environmental Protection Agency opened an investigation of how EPA had responded to questions about air quality in the aftermath of the attack. "If the allegations reported in the Washington Post are true, EPA has done a disservice to the brave men and women working at 'ground zero' and to the citizens who live in the area whose health and environment we are required to protect," Inspector General Robert Martin wrote in his first statement concerning the investigation.
  
  
• WTC Day Laborers to Get Toxin Tests — (Associated Press, January 14) — Immigrant day laborers have performed thousands of hours of work removing debris from downtown office and apartment buildings since the Sept. 11 terrorist attacks, many without proper protective gear and most without health insurance. Starting Monday, the workers can get free physical exams and be tested for health problems at a mobile health clinic parked near City Hall. For the full text of this article, reproduced as part of NYCOSH in the News, click here, or to view it on the newspaper's own website click on:
  
  
• Battle Over EPA Denials of Dangers Downtown — (Daily News, January 12) — Environmental Protection Agency brass found themselves sharply at odds yesterday with the agency's proposed investigation into charges that the EPA concealed evidence of dangerous contamination at the World Trade Center disaster site. At issue were assurances from EPA chief Christie Whitman and other agency officials that environmental conditions at the site were safe — even as agency tests showed dangerous warning signs.
  
  
• Tragic Mound, Toxic Ground — (MSNBC, January 11) — Four months ago, Sept. 11 marked the tragic loss of thousands of lives in an unprecedented terrorist attack on U.S. soil. The event may also be the biggest environmental disaster to ever hit New York City — or any densely populated area in America for that matter. Now, some experts are calling for Ground Zero and surrounding neighborhoods to be designated a federal toxic waste site.
  
  
• Mobile Medical Unit To Care For WTC Recovery Workers — (New York 1 News, January 10) — A new mobile medical unit will track the health of workers cleaning up in the vicinity of the World Trade Center site. Beginning Monday, the "World Trade Center Mobile Medical Monitoring Unit" will be based near City Hall Park. It will provide medical examinations for workers, focusing on respiratory and other health problems they may face from coming in contact with potentially toxic substances.
  
  
• In N.Y., Taking a Breath of Fear: Illnesses Bring New Doubts About Toxic Exposure Near Ground Zero — (Washington Post, January 8) — There was something about the air. For a while after Sept. 11, George Tabb and his wife tried to stick it out in their apartment just north of the World Trade Center, tried to ignore his twice-nightly asthma attacks and her pounding headaches. Eventually, they moved in with Tabb's stepfather. But Tabb still goes home to pick up his mail, and within 20 minutes the metallic taste returns to his mouth, and the wheezing. "All of a sudden, boom, I've got a nosebleed, the asthma, a headache," he said. Recently Tabb received evidence that the air in his apartment may be as dangerous as he suspects. Independent tests -- results of which are disputed by the city -- found that dust taken from an air vent in his apartment building's hallway contained 555 times the suggested acceptable level for asbestos. Samples from a bathroom vent show dangerous levels of fiberglass.
  
  
• The Air Downtown: Tests Call it Clean, But Coughs Abound — (New York Observer, January 7) — The fire where the World Trade Center once stood is extinguished; the city has erected a viewing platform for the benefit of ground-zero tourists; and former Mayor Rudolph Giuliani has already outlined his vision for a grand monument at the site. It has become a point of pride for leaders of the city, the state and the nation, determined to put a brave face on things, that the scene of the Sept. 11 attack has become an almost normal part of the New York landscape. But many of the elected officials who represent the areas hit most heavily by the events of Sept. 11, as well as some experts who were charged with examining the fallout, have been urging just about anyone who will listen to take a closer look at what is happening in lower Manhattan. They say that the understandable quest for normalcy carries the risk of papering over potentially hazardous problems, including contamination by asbestos and a potentially toxic cocktail of materials thrown together after the collapse of the towers. In addition, several scientists who researched the contamination issue called into question some of the conclusions reached by the government about the environmental safety of areas around the World Trade Center.
  
  
• Mercury Concern at WTC: Blood Levels in 4 Cops Raise Call for New Tests (Daily News, January 5) Workers at Ground Zero called for more comprehensive health tests yesterday after four Port Authority police officers assigned to the site showed elevated levels of mercury in their blood.
  
  
• At Least a Quarter of Ground Zero Firefighters Ill — A quarter of the 6,500 firefighters who have worked at ground zero after the terrorist attack on the World Trade Center have respiratory ailments, and 100 to 200 are exhibiting serious symptoms that may allow them to retire on a disability pension, Fire Department officials said yesterday. Representatives of the firefighters' union gave even higher estimates of the number who are ill. Thomas Manley, sergeant-at-arms and health and safety officer for the Uniformed Firefighters Association, which represents 9,100 firefighters, estimated that 4,000 firefighters are suffering from a persistent cough and that 400 to 500 may end up being forced to retire. Between 300 and 400 are on medical leave because they have a chronic cough, get winded very easily or are coughing up a lot of phlegm or a chalky substance, he said. None are hospitalized, though one or two were in September, he said. (New York Times, December 21)
  
  
• Hostile Environment Near WTC — 100 or so protesters gathered outside City Hall on Tuesday evening. For more than an hour, several people in the crowd — most of them middle-class women and teenagers who looked unaccustomed to demonstrating — took turns recounting their ordeals since Sept. 11, telling stories the leaders of our city find inconvenient these days. "It's like we're screaming in the wind and no one listens," said Diane Lapson, who has lived at Independence Plaza in Tribeca for nearly 30 years. For the last three months, Lapson and many of her 5,000 neighbors at Independence Plaza have been unable to sleep. Across from their complex of buildings is the pier where Ground Zero workers load debris from the World Trade Center disaster onto barges for shipment to a Staten Island landfill. But it is not just the noise that's troubling. Even more worrisome to the thousands living in lower Manhattan are their many unanswered questions about possible health effects from toxic substances in the air. (Daily News, December 20)
  
  
• City Had Been Warned of Fuel Tank at 7 World Trade Center — Fire Department officials warned the city and the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey in 1998 and 1999 that a giant diesel fuel tank for the mayor's $13 million command bunker in 7 World Trade Center, a 47-story high-rise that burned and collapsed on Sept. 11, posed a hazard and was not consistent with city fire codes. The 6,000-gallon tank was positioned about 15 feet above the ground floor and near several lobby elevators and was meant to fuel generators that would supply electricity to the 23rd-floor bunker in the event of a power failure. Although the city made some design changes to address the concerns — moving a fuel pipe that would have run from the tank up an elevator shaft, for example — it left the tank in place. (New York Times, December 20)
  
  
• For many on Sept. 11, survival was no accident — Four hundred seventy-nine rescue workers died making the World Trade Center evacuation a success. The sacrifice of New York firefighters and police is well-known. But 113 others, from low-paid security guards to white-collar workers at the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, the buildings' owner, stood their ground with firefighters and cops. Nearly everyone who could get out did get out. (USA Today, December 19)
  
  
• Residents Rally Over Air Quality In Lower Manhattan — More than 100 downtown residents gathered on the steps of City Hall Tuesday night to protest what they say is unsafe air quality in Lower Manhattan. Many of the protesters say the air downtown is still making residents, students, and workers sick. They want city officials to relocate the removal of debris away from large housing complexes. (New York 1 News, December 18)
  
  
• Bosses Try to Ease Ground-Zero Fears — Merrill Lynch & Co. medical director Donald Gemson briefs everybody on the latest scientific findings on asbestos and other airborne hazards. His bottom line: There's no long-term health risk, but employees may experience watery eyes or sore throats. "We don't tell them that it is going to be perfect," he says. (Wall Street Journal, December 14)
  
  
• Trade Center's Fireproofing Had a Questionable History — Engineering experts involved in studying the World Trade Center disaster are now closely examining the spray-on fireproofing used on much of the steel framework of the twin towers to determine whether it contributed to their collapse. (New York Times, December 14)
  
  
• Medical Aftershocks — The death toll from the World Trade Center disaster now hovers around 3,000, about half the early estimates. But there is evidence that the final tally may rise over time, as the long-term effects of working at Ground Zero take their toll among rescuers and volunteers. Those at greatest risk are the thousands of firefighters, police, emergency personnel and volunteers who streamed to the devastation in the hours, days and weeks after the twin towers collapsed. Working round-the-clock, with little or no respiratory protection, these men and women inhaled a soup of dust, gases, burning chemicals and potentially toxic compounds. (motherjones.com, December 10)
  
  
• WTC Dust Makes Some Ill — Ever since the big gray cloud of dust blew through Lower Manhattan from the collapsing World Trade Center's Twin Towers Sept. 11, there have been conflicting opinions on what to do with it. The dust from the pulverized walls, concrete, wood, class and plastic of the two 110-story Twin Towers covered several blocks surrounding the World Trade Center. "On Sept. 11 the dust cloud was like a sonic boom through Lower Manhattan -- my windows were open so my apartment near the World Trade Center got filled with dust," said Indira Singh, a risk architect and volunteer emergency medical technician told United Press International. "I started noticing that many of my neighbors are getting sick." (United Press International, December 7)
  
  
• Air Quality: Ground Zero — It's been three months since September 11th and the tricky task of cleaning up Ground Zero continues. Just a few days ago, part of the site had to be evacuated when workers accidentally punctured several dry cleaning containers uncovered in the rubble. The EPA feared a release of dangerous ammonia vapor, but the damage was contained. Over all, though, air quality in lower Manhattan has become something of a controversy. Government agencies say it's safe, but others who live and work in what's called "the breathing zone" remain unconvinced. (National Public Radio's Living on Earth, December 7)
  
  
• Senator Clinton Calls For Senate Hearing On Environmental, Health Concerns At Ground Zero: Senator Reiterates Concern About Potential Long-Term — On December 4, at a Senate Environmental and Public Works (EPW) Committee hearing, Senator Hillary Rodham Clinton (NY) called on the Committee to hold a hearing early next year to examine possible environmental health problems at and around Ground Zero in lower Manhattan. (Press Release, December 4)

For links material published before December 1, 2001, click here.

Compensation (December 2001- January 2002)

• Federal Fund Shuts September 11th Victims Out? — (WNYC News, January 31) — Families of those who died in the September 11th terrorist attacks are not the only ones unhappy with the proposed rules for the federal victims' compensation fund. The injured are opposed to the fund's so-called "24-hour-rule." That rule allows them to apply for compensation only if they sought medical help within 24 hours of being hurt or rescued.
  
  
• WTC Disaster Assistance Application Deadline Extended to March 11 — The director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) announced the extension of the deadline to apply for federal and state disaster assistance. The new deadline of March 11, 2002, was requested by the New York State Emergency Management Office (SEMO) to ensure that all individuals who suffered losses from the Sept. 11 attack have access to the assistance programs.

For links material published before December 1, 2001, click here.

Government resources (December 2001- January 2002)

• OSHA Standards Interpretation Letter — Wherever there is settled dust from the collapse, "proper precautions" include compliance with the OSHA asbestos standard: "In that the materials containing asbestos were used in the construction of the Twin Towers, the settled dust from their collapse must be presumed to contain asbestos. Therefore [testing of the dust] is not necessary in order to establish that the applicable provisions of the Construction Asbestos standard apply during the demolition or salvage of affected structures." (January 31)
  
  
• Environmental Law Issues Raised by Terrorist Events in 2001 — A speech by Walter E.Mugdan, Regional Counsel, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region 2, January 25, 2002
  
  
• Nadler Exposes Dramatic EPA Double-Standards and Mishandling of Hazardous Materials Testing and Removal in Downtown Manhattan Residences: Calls for Full Testing and Cleanup, Comprehensive and Independent Investigations — (Press Release, January 17) — Calling into question the integrity of the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) actions in lower Manhattan since the World Trade Center attacks, Rep. Jerrold Nadler exposed a gross disparity in how the EPA has responded to the aftermath of the 9/11 attacks compared with other instances of hazardous materials contamination around the country. Congressman Nadler made the announcement at a City Hall press conference and was joined by members of the Ground Zero Elected Officials Task Force, and Hugh Kaufman, Chief Investigator for the EPA National Ombudsman.

For links material published before December 1, 2001, click here.

News features (December 2001- January 2002)

• Track Their Health Now, to Protect Others Later — (Washington Post, January 20) — Twenty years from now, will the World Trade Center disaster continue to claim victims? Will the tragedy be compounded by a loss of life that had less to do with terrorism than with ignorance? In the haste to return Lower Manhattan to a sense of normalcy, have additional lives been put at risk? For the full text of this article, reproduced as part of NYCOSH in the News, click here, or to view it on the newspaper's own website click on:
  
  
• Environmental Law Implications of the World Trade Center Disaster — The horrific loss of life and the ensuing global war against terrorism are by far the most important aspects of the events of September 11. Less significant but worth discussing are the environmental impacts. The destruction of the World Trade Center probably had greater short-term environmental impacts than anything else that has ever happened in New York City; the long-term effects remain to be seen. This article is devoted to analyzing how environmental law bears on the physical aftermath of this catastrophe — response, recovery and reconstruction. (Environmental Law in New York, January 2002)

For links material published before December 1, 2001, click here.

Occupational safety and health resources
(December 2001- January 2002)

• New York Environmental Law and Justice Project — News, documents, sampling results, legal information
  
  
• Ground Zero Mobile Medical Unit Established By CUNY Occupational Medicine Experts To Assess Health of Cleanup Workers at Former WTC Site — Occupational medicine experts from Queens College of the City University of New York have established a Mobile Medical Monitoring Unit near Ground Zero to assess possible health effects of air quality on clean-up workers at former site of the World Trade Center.
  
  
• Irritative and Respiratory Problems in Relation to Environmental Exposures from the World Trade Center Disaster: A Guide for Clinicians — (Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Department of Community and Preventive Medicine, January 2002)
  
  
• Stuyvesant High School Parents' Association — Up-to-date data on indoor and outdoor environmental sampling in the World Trade Center vicinity
  
  
• Limpieza Interior Del Polvo Y Escombros En El Área Del World Trade Center  translation of Cleaning Up Indoor Dust and Debris in the World Trade Center Area (NYCOSH)
  
  
• Cleaning Up Indoor Dust and Debris in the World Trade Center Area (NYCOSH, December 6)

For links material published before December 1, 2001, click here.

Psychological trauma (December 2001- January 2002)

• Victims at Risk Again: Counselors Scramble To Avert Depression, Suicides After Sept. 11 — (Washington Post, December 19) — The first suicide was last week, the widow of a World Trade Center victim who shot herself at her Pennsylvania farmhouse. It was a tragedy that relief workers had braced for -- a spike in depression, substance abuse, divorces, suicides -- the sad legacy among those touched by the Sept. 11 terrorist attacks. Warned by a pattern that emerged after the Oklahoma City bombing, public officials and charities have taken perhaps the most aggressive stance ever in pushing mental health therapy for families and others affected by the attacks.
  

For links material published before December 1, 2001, click here.